Archer, D, B Iritani, D Kimes & M Barrios (1983): ‘Face-Ism - 5 Studies of
Sex-Differences in Facial Prominence’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
45(4): 725-735
Argyle, Michael (1969): Social Interaction. London: Methuen
Argyle, Michael (Ed.) (1973): Social Encounters: Readings in Social Interaction.
Harmondsworth: Penguin
Argyle, Michael (1975): Bodily Communication (2nd edn.). London: Methuen
Argyle, Michael (1983): The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour (4th edn.).
Harmondsworth: Penguin
Argyle, Michael & Janet Dean ([1965] 1973): ‘Eye Contact, Distance and Affiliation’.
In Argyle (Ed.), op. cit., pp. 173-87
Baggaley, Jon with Margaret Ferguson & Philip Brooks (1980): Psychology of the TV
Image. Farnborough: Gower
Barry, Ann Marie Seward (1997): Visual Intelligence: Perception, Image and
Manipulation in Visual Communication. New York: State University of New York
Press
Barthes, Roland (1982): Camera Lucida: Reflections on
Photography. London: Cape
Bennett, Tony, Susan Boyd-Bowman, Colin Mercer & Janet Woollacott (Eds.) (1981):
Popular Television and Film; A Reader. London: BFI
Berger, John (1972): Ways of Seeing. London: BBC/Harmondsworth: Penguin
Burgin, Victor (Ed.) (1982a): Thinking Photography. London: Methuen
Burgin, Victor (1982b): ‘Looking at Photographs’. In Burgin op. cit., pp. 142-153
Burgin, Victor (1982c): ‘Photography, Phantasy, Function’. In Burgin op. cit.,
pp. 177-216
Burston, Paul & Colin Richardson (Eds.) (1995): A Queer Romance:
Lesbhians, Gay Men and Popular Culture. London: Routledge
Cappella, J N (1993): ‘The Facial Feedback Hypothesis in Human Interaction. Review and
Speculation’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology12: 13-29
Caughie, John, Annette Kuhn & Mandy Merck (Eds.) (1992): The Sexual Subject: A
Screen Reader in Sexuality. London: Routledge
Cohan, Steven & Ina Rae Hark (Eds.) (1993): Screening the Male: Exploring
Masculinities in Hollywood Cinema. London: Routledge
Cook, Pam (Ed.) (1985): The Cinema Book. London: BFI
Craig, Steve (Ed.) (1992): Men, Masculinity and the Media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
De Lauretis, Teresa (1984): Alice Doesn’t. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
De Lauretis, Teresa (1987): Technologies of Gender. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Denzin, Norman K (1995): The Cinematic Society: The Voyeur’s Gaze. London: Sage
Dodd, K (1989): ‘Face-ism and Facial Expressions of Women in Magazine Photos’,
Psychological Record39:
Donsbach, W, H-B Brosius & A Mattenklott (1993): The Guided Eye: Channel and
Presentation Effects in Personal and Televised Perceptions of an Event. Paper presented to the International Communication Association, Washington, DC (May)
Dyer, Richard ([1982] 1992a): ‘Don’t Look Now: The Male Pin-Up’. In Caughie et al.
(Eds.) op. cit., pp. 265-76; also in Dyer (1992b), op. cit., pp. 103-119
Dyer, Richard (1992b): Only Entertainment. London: Routledge
Edwards, Tim (1997): Men in the Mirror: Men’s Fashion, Masculinity and Consumer
Society. London: Cassell
Elkins, James (1996): The Object Stares Back: On the Nature of Seeing. New York:
Simon & Schuster
Ellis, John (1982): Visible Fictions: Cinema, Television, Video. London: Routledge
Evans, Caroline & Lorraine Gamman (1995): 'The Gaze Revisited, Or
Reviewing Queer Viewing'. In Burston & Richardson (Eds.), op. cit.,
pp. 13-56
Ferguson, Marjorie (1980): ‘The Woman’s Magazine Cover Photograph’. In Harry
Christian (Ed.): The Sociology of Journalism and the Press (Sociological
Review Monograph 29). Keele: University of Keele, pp. 219-38
Foucault, Michel (1977): Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. New York:
Pantheon
Fowles, Jib (1996): Advertising and Popular Culture. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Gaines, Jane (1988): 'White Privilege and Looking Relations: Race and Gender in Feminist
Film Theory', Screen29(4): 12-27
Galan, L S (1986): The Use of Subjective Point of View in Persuasive Communication.
MA Thesis, Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania
Gamman, Lorraine & Margaret Marshment (Eds.) (1987): The Female Gaze: Women as
Viewers of Popular Culture. London: Women's Press
Goffman, Erving (1969): Behavior in Public Places: Notes on the Social
Organization of Gathering. New York: Free Press
Hall, Edward T (1959): The Silent Language. New York: Fawcett
Hall, Edward T (1966): The Hidden Dimension: Man’s Use of Space in Public and
Private. London: Bodley Head
Hall, Stuart (Ed.) (1997): Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying
Practices. London: Sage
Haywood, Susan (1996): Key Concepts in Cinema Studies. London: Routledge
Hearn, Jeff & Antonio Melechi (1992): ‘The Transatlantic Gaze: Masculinities, Youth and
the American Imaginary’. In Craig (Ed.), op. cit., pp. 215-32
Henley, Nancy M (1977): Body Politics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Hess, E H (1972): 'Pupilometrics'. In N Greenfield & R Sternbach (Eds.): Handbook
of Psychophysiology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston
Hess, E H & J M Polt (1960): 'Pupil Size as Related to Interest Value of Visual Stimuli',
Science132: 349-50
Higgins, Patrick (1993): A Queer Reader. London: Fourth Estate
Jenks, Chris (Ed.) (1995): Visual Culture. London: Routledge
Johnston, Sheila (1985): ‘Film Narrative and the Structuralist Controversy’. In Cook (Ed.),
op. cit., pp. 221-50
Kaplan, E A (1983): Women and Film: Both Sides of the Camera. New York: Methuen
Kraft, R N (1987): ‘The Influence of Camera Angle on Comprehension and Retention of
Pictorial Events’, Memory and Cognition15: 291-307
Kress, Gunther & Theo van Leeuwen (1996): Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual
Design. London: Routledge (Chapter 4, ‘Representation and Interaction: Designing the
Position of the Viewer’, pp. 119-158)
Lapsley, Robert & Michael Westlake (1988): Film Theory: An Introduction.
Manchester: Manchester University Press
Lombard, M (1995): ‘Direct Responses to People on the Screen: Television and Personal
Space’, Communication Research 22: 288-324
Lutz, Catherine & Jane Collins (1994): 'The Photograph as an Intersection of Gazes:
The Example of National Geographic'. In Taylor (Ed.), op. cit., 363-84
Macdonald, Myra (1995): Representing Women: Myths of Femininity in the Popular
Media. London: Edward Arnold
Mandell, L M & D L Shaw (1973): ‘Judging People in the News - Unconsciously: Effect
of Camera Angle and Bodily Activity’, Journal of Broadcasting 17: 353-62
Mast, Gerald, Marshall Cohen & Leo Braudy (Eds.) (1992): Film Theory and
Criticism (4th edn.). New York: Oxford University Press
Mayne, Judith (1993): Cinema and Spectatorship. London: Routledge
McCain, T A, J Chilberg & J Wakshlag (1977): ‘The Effect of Camera Angle on Source
Credibility and Attraction’, Journal of Broadcasting21: 35-46
Messaris, Paul (1997): Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising.
London: Sage
Metz, Christian (1975): 'The Imaginary Signifier', Screen16(3); also in
Mast & Cohen (Eds.) (1992), op. cit., pp. 782-802
Meyrowitz, Joshua (1985): No Sense of Place: The Impact of Electronic Media on
Social Behavior. New York: Oxford University Press
Millum, Trevor (1975): Images of Woman: Advertising in Women’s Magazines. London:
Chatto & Windus
Moore, Suzanne (1987): 'Here' Looking at You, Kid!'. In Gamman & Marshment (Eds.),
op. cit., pp. 44-59
Morris, Desmond (1978): Manwatching: A Field Guide to Human Behaviour. St Albans:
Triad/Panther
Mort, Frank (1996): Cultures of Consumption: Masculinities and Social Space in Late
Twentieth-Century Britain. London: Routledge
Mulvey, Laura ([1975] 1992): ‘Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema’. In Caughie et
al. (Eds.), op. cit., pp. 22-34. Also published in: Mulvey 1989; Mast et al.
(Eds.) (1992), op. cit., pp.746-57; abridged version in Bennett et al.
(Eds.) (1981), op. cit., pp. 206-15; originally published in Screen16(3):
6-18
Mulvey, Laura (1989): Visual and Other Pleasures. London: Macmillan
Neale, Steve ([1983] 1993): ‘Masculinity as Spectacle’. In: Caughie et al. (Eds.)
(1992), op. cit., pp. 277-87; Cohan & Hark (Eds.) (1993), op. cit., pp.
9-20; extract in Hall (Ed.) (1997), op. cit., pp. 331-3
Nixon, Sean (1997a): ‘Exhibiting Masculinity’. In Hall (Ed.), op. cit., pp. 291-330
Nixon, Sean (1997b): ‘Technologies of Looking: Retailing and the Visual’. Extract in Hall
(Ed.), op. cit., pp. 333-6
O'Sullivan, Tim, John Hartley, Danny Saunders, Martin Montgomery &
John Fiske (1994): Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies.
London: Routledge
Pranger, Brian (1990): The Arena of Masculinity. London: GMP
Pratt, M L (1992): Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. New York:
Routledge
Reeves, B, M Lombard & G Melwani (1992): Faces on the Screen: Pictures or Natural
Experience? Stanford, CA: Social Responses to Communication Technologies Paper 103
Saco, Diana (1992): ‘Masculinity as Signs: Postructuralist Feminist Approaches to the
Study of Gender’. In Craig (Ed.), op. cit., pp. 23-39
Schlesinger, Philip et al. (Eds.) (1992): Women Viewing Violence. London: BFI
Schroeder, Jonathan E (1998): 'Consuming Representation: A Visual Approach to
Consumer Research'. In Barbara B Stern (Ed.): Representing Consumers: Voices,
Views and Visions. London: Routledge, pp. 193-230
Silverman, Kaja (1980): ‘Masochism and Subjectivity’, Framework12: 2-9
Sontag, Susan (1979): On Photography. Harmondsworth: Penguin
Stacey, Jackie ([1987] 1992): ‘Desperately Seeking Audience’. In Caughie et al.
(Eds.) op. cit., pp. 244-57
Steinman, Clay (1992): ‘Gaze Out of Bounds: Men Watching Men on Television’. In Craig
(Ed.), op. cit., pp. 199-214
Tagg, John (1988): The Burden of Representation. Amherst: University of
Massachusetts Press
Taylor, Lucien (Ed.) (1994): Visualizing Theory. New York: Routledge
Tiemens, R K (1970): ‘Some Relationships of Camera Angle to Communicator Credibility’,
Journal of Broadcasting14: 483-90
Traube, Elizabeth G (1992): Dreaming Identities: Class, Gender and Generation in
1980s Hollywood Movies. Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Tuchman, Gaye (1978): Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality.
New York: Free Press
Warr, Peter B & Christopher Knapper (1968): The Perception of People and Events.
London: John Wiley
Watson, O Michael (1970): Proxemic Behavior: A Cross-Cultural
Study. The Hague: Mouton
Watson, O Michael & Theodore D Graves (1973): ‘Quantitative research in Proxemic
Behavior’. In Argyle (Ed.), op. cit., pp.34-46
Wex, Marianne (1979): ‘Let’s Take Back Our Space’: "Female" and
"Male" Body Language as a Result of Patriarchal Structures (trans. Johanna
Albert). Berlin: Frauenliteraturverlag Hermine Fees
Willemen, Paul ([1980] 1992): ‘Letter to John’. In Caughie et al. (Eds.) op.
cit., pp. 171-83; originally published in Screen 21(2): 53-65
Williamson, Judith (1978): Decoding Advertisements: Ideology and Meaning in
Advertising. London: Marion Boyars
June 1998
The preferred form of citation for the online version of this paper is as follows:
Chandler, Daniel (1998): 'Notes on "The Gaze"' [WWW document]
URL http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze.html [Date of Visit]